Glossary Definitions.

air

a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and minute amounts of other gases that surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere

Origin: fro (Old French): air (replaced) ang (Old English): lyft, luft

and

used to connect grammatically coordinate words, phrases, or clauses

Origin: ang (Old English): and, ond

angel

one of a class of spiritual beings; a celestial attendant of God; in medieval angelology, angels constituted the lowest of the nine celestial orders (seraphim, cherubim, thrones, dominations or dominions, virtues, powers, principalities or princedoms, archangels, and angels)

Origin: ang (Old English): engel / fro (Old French): angele < (from) lat (Latin): angelus < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): ἂγγελος

animal

any member of the kingdom Animalia, comprising multicellular organisms that have a well-defined shape and usually limited growth, can move voluntarily, actively acquire food and digest it internally, and have sensory and nervous systems that allow them to respond rapidly to stimuli

Origin: lat (Latin): animale (replaced) ang (Old English): deor

ant

any of numerous black, red, brown, or yellow social insects of the family Formicidae, of worldwide distribution esp. in warm climates, having a large head with inner jaws for chewing and outer jaws for carrying and digging, and living in highly organized colonies containing wingless female workers, a winged queen, and, during breeding seasons, winged males, some species being noted for engaging in warfare, slavemaking, or the cultivation of food sources

Origin: ang (Old English): æmette

apple

the usually round, red or yellow, edible fruit of a small tree, Malus sylvestris, of the rose family

Origin: ang (Old English): æppel

arm

the upper limb of the human body, esp. the part extending from the shoulder to the wrist

Origin: ang (Old English): earm

arrow

a slender, straight, generally pointed missile or weapon made to be shot from a bow and equipped with feathers at the end of the shaft near the nock, for controlling flight

Origin: ang (Old English): arwan < (from) earh

ash(es)

the powdery residue of matter that remains after burning

Origin: ang (Old English): æsce

autumn; fall

the season between summer and winter; in the Northern Hemisphere it is from the September equinox to the December solstice; in the Southern Hemisphere it is from the March equinox to the June solstice

Origin: fro (Old French): autumpne (replaced) ang (Old English): hærfest

axe

a tool with a bladed, usually heavy head mounted crosswise on a handle, used for felling trees or chopping wood

Origin: ang (Old English): æx < (from) æces

barley

a widely distributed cereal plant belonging to the genus Hordeum, of the grass family, having awned flowers that grow in tightly bunched spikes, with three small additional spikes at each node

Origin: ang (Old English): bærlic < (from) bere

bear

any of the plantigrade, carnivorous or omnivorous mammals of the family Ursidae, having massive bodies, coarse heavy fur, relatively short limbs, and almost rudimentary tails

Origin: ang (Old English): bera

beard

the growth of hair on the face of an adult man, often including a mustache

Origin: ang (Old English): beard

bed

a piece of furniture upon which or within which a person sleeps, rests, or stays when not well

Origin: ang (Old English): bed

bee

any hymenopterous insect of the superfamily Apoidea, including social and solitary species of several families, as the bumblebees, honeybees, etc.

Origin: ang (Old English): beo

beer

an alcoholic beverage made by brewing and fermentation from cereals, usually malted barley, and flavored with hops and the like for a slightly bitter taste

Origin: ang (Old English): beor

big

large, as in size, height, width, or amount

Origin: unknown

bird

any warm-blooded vertebrate of the class Aves, having a body covered with feathers, forelimbs modified into wings, scaly legs, a beak, and no teeth, and bearing young in a hard-shelled egg

Origin: ang (Old English): bridd (replaced) ang (Old English): fugol

black

lacking hue and brightness; absorbing light without reflecting any of the rays composing it

Origin: ang (Old English): blæc

blood

the fluid that circulates in the principal vascular system of human beings and other vertebrates, in humans consisting of plasma in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended

Origin: ang (Old English): blod

blue

the pure color of a clear sky; the primary color between green and violet in the visible spectrum, an effect of light with a wavelength between 450 and 500 nm

Origin: fro (Old French): bleu (replaced) ang (Old English): blaw

boat

a vessel for transport by water, constructed to provide buoyancy by excluding water and shaped to give stability and permit propulsion

Origin: ang (Old English): bat

body

the physical structure and material substance of an animal or plant, living or dead

Origin: ang (Old English): bodig

bone

the hard connective tissue forming the substance of the skeleton of most vertebrates, composed of a collagen-rich organic matrix impregnated with calcium, phosphate, and other minerals

Origin: ang (Old English): ban

book

a written or printed work of fiction or nonfiction, usually on sheets of paper fastened or bound together within covers

Origin: ang (Old English): boc

bread

a kind of food made of flour or meal that has been mixed with milk or water, made into a dough or batter, with or without yeast or other leavening agent, and baked

Origin: ang (Old English): bread

bridge

a structure spanning and providing passage over a river, chasm, road, or the like

Origin: ang (Old English): brycge

brother

a male offspring having both parents in common with another offspring; a male sibling

Origin: ang (Old English): broþor

brown

a dark tertiary color with a yellowish or reddish hue

Origin: ang (Old English): brun

bull

the male of a bovine animal, esp. of the genus Bos, with sexual organs intact and capable of reproduction

Origin: ang (Old English): bula

butterfly

any of numerous diurnal insects of the order Lepidoptera, characterized by clubbed antennae, a slender body, and large, broad, often conspicuously marked wings

Origin: ang (Old English): buttorfleoge

camel

either of two large, humped, ruminant quadrupeds of the genus Camelus

Origin: ang (Old English): camel < (from) lat (Latin): camelus < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): κάμηλος < (from) heb (Hebrew): גמל (gamal)

candle

a long, usually slender piece of tallow or wax with an embedded wick that is burned to give light

Origin: ang (Old English): candel < (from) lat (Latin): candela

cat

a small domesticated carnivore, Felis domestica or Felis catus, bred in a number of varieties

Origin: ang (Old English): cat < (from) lat (Latin): cattus

cheek

either side of the face below the eye and above the jaw

Origin: ang (Old English): ceace, cece

cheese

the curd of milk separated from the whey and prepared in many ways as a food

Origin: ang (Old English): cyse < (from) lat (Latin): caseus

cherry

the fruit of any of various trees belonging to the genus Prunus, of the rose family, consisting of a pulpy, globular drupe enclosing a one-seeded smooth stone

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman): cherise (mistaken as pl.) < (from) fro (Old French): cherise < (from) vlat (Vulgar Latin): *ceresia < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): κεράσιον

child

a person between birth and full growth; a boy or girl

Origin: ang (Old English): cild

chin

the lower extremity of the face, below the mouth

Origin: ang (Old English): cin

city; town

a thickly populated area, having fixed boundaries and certain local powers of government

Origin: fro (Old French): cite < (from) citet < (from) lat (Latin): civitatem < (from) civitas; ang (Old English): tun

cloud

a visible collection of particles of water or ice suspended in the air, usually at an elevation above the earth’s surface

Origin: ang (Old English): clud (replaced) ang (Old English): weolcan

coal

a black or dark-brown combustible mineral substance consisting of carbonized vegetable matter, used as a fuel

Origin: ang (Old English): col

coffee

a beverage consisting of a decoction or infusion of the roasted ground or crushed seeds (coffee beans) of the two-seeded fruit (coffee berry) of certain coffee trees

Origin: ita (Italian): caffè < (from) tur (Turkish): kahve < (from) ara (Arabic): قهوة (qahwâ)

copper

a malleable, ductile, metallic element having a characteristic reddish-brown color: used in large quantities as an electrical conductor and in the manufacture of alloys, as brass and bronze; symbol: Cu; atomic weight: 63.54; atomic number: 29; specific gravity: 8.92 at 20°C

Origin: ang (Old English): coper < (from) lat (Latin): cuprum < (from) Cyprium (aes) < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): Κύπριος

cotton

a soft, white, downy substance consisting of the hairs or fibers attached to the seeds of plants belonging to the genus Gossypium, of the mallow family, used in making fabrics, thread, wadding, etc.

Origin: fro (Old French): coton << (ultimately from) ara (Arabic): قطن (qutn)

cow

the mature female of a bovine animal, esp. of the genus Bos

Origin: ang (Old English): cu

crow

any of several large oscine birds of the genus Corvus, of the family Corvidae, having a long, stout bill, lustrous black plumage, and a wedge-shaped tail

Origin: ang (Old English): crawe

daughter

a female child or person in relation to her parents

Origin: ang (Old English): dohtor

day

the interval of light between two successive nights; the time between sunrise and sunset

Origin: ang (Old English): dæg

death

the act of dying; the end of life; the total and permanent cessation of all the vital functions of an organism

Origin: ang (Old English): deað

desert

a region so arid because of little rainfall that it supports only sparse and widely spaced vegetation or no vegetation at all

Origin: fro (Old French): desert < (from) lat (Latin): desertum

dictionary

a book containing a selection of the words of a language, usually arranged alphabetically, giving information about their meanings, pronunciations, etymologies, inflected forms, etc., expressed in either the same or another language; lexicon

Origin: mlat (Medieval Latin): dictionarium

dog

any carnivore of the dog family Canidae, having prominent canine teeth and, in the wild state, a long and slender muzzle, a deep-chested muscular body, a bushy tail, and large, erect ears

Origin: ang (Old English): docga (replaced) ang (Old English): hund

donkey; ass

a long-eared, slow, patient, sure-footed domesticated mammal, Equus asinus, related to the horse, used chiefly as a beast of burden

Origin: unknown; ang (Old English): assa < (from)? sga (Old Irish): *as(s)in < (from) lat (Latin): asinus

drop

a small quantity of liquid that falls or is produced in a more or less spherical mass; a liquid globule

Origin: ang (Old English): dropa

duck

any of numerous wild or domesticated web-footed swimming birds of the family Anatidae, esp. of the genus Anas and allied genera, characterized by a broad, flat bill, short legs, and depressed body

Origin: ang (Old English): duce (replaced) ang (Old English): ened

eagle

any of several large, soaring birds of prey belonging to the hawk family Accipitridae, noted for their size, strength, and powers of flight and vision

Origin: fro (Old French): egle (replaced) ang (Old English): erne

ear

the organ of hearing and equilibrium in vertebrates, in humans consisting of an external ear that gathers sound vibrations, a middle ear in which the vibrations resonate against the tympanic membrane, and a fluid-filled internal ear that maintains balance and that conducts the tympanic vibrations to the auditory nerve, which transmits them as impulses to the brain

Origin: ang (Old English): eare

egg

the roundish reproductive body produced by the female of certain animals, as birds and most reptiles, consisting of an ovum and its envelope of albumen, jelly, membranes, egg case, or shell, according to species

Origin: non (Old Norse): egg (replaced) ang (Old English): æg

elephant

either of two large, five-toed pachyderms of the family Elephantidae, characterized by a long, prehensile trunk formed of the nose and upper lip, including Loxodonta africana (African elephant), with enormous flapping ears, two fingerlike projections at the end of the trunk, and ivory tusks, and Elephas maximus (Indian elephant), with smaller ears, one projection at the end of the trunk, and ivory tusks almost exclusively in males

Origin: fro (Old French): oliphant < (from) lat (Latin): elephantus < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): ἐλέφας

enemy

a person who feels hatred for, fosters harmful designs against, or engages in antagonistic activities against another; an adversary or opponent

Origin: fro (Old French): enemi (replaced) ang (Old English): feond

evening

the latter part of the day and early part of the night

Origin: ang (Old English): æfnung < (from) æfnian < (from) æfen

eye

the organ of sight, in vertebrates typically one of a pair of spherical bodies contained in an orbit of the skull and in humans appearing externally as a dense, white, curved membrane, or sclera, surrounding a circular, colored portion, or iris, that is covered by a clear, curved membrane, or cornea, and in the center of which is an opening, or pupil, through which light passes to the retina

Origin: ang (Old English): ege, eage

face

the front part of the head, from the forehead to the chin

Origin: fro (Old French): face (replaced) ang (Old English): andwlita

family

parents and their children, considered as a group, whether dwelling together or not

Origin: lat (Latin): familia (replaced) ang (Old English): hiwscipe

father

a male parent

Origin: ang (Old English): fæder

fear

a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil, pain, etc., whether the threat is real or imagined; the feeling or condition of being afraid

Origin: ang (Old English): fær (replaced) ang (Old English): ege; fyrhto

finger

any of the terminal members of the hand, esp. one other than the thumb

Origin: ang (Old English): fingor

fire

a state, process, or instance of combustion in which fuel or other material is ignited and combined with oxygen, giving off light, heat, and flame

Origin: ang (Old English): fyr

fish

any of various cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates, having gills, commonly fins, and typically an elongated body covered with scales

Origin: ang (Old English): fisc

flea

any of numerous small, wingless bloodsucking insects of the order Siphonaptera, parasitic upon mammals and birds and noted for their ability to leap

Origin: ang (Old English): fleah

flour

the finely ground meal of grain, esp. the finer meal separated by bolting

Origin: fro (Old French): flor (replaced) ang (Old English): melu

flower

the blossom of a plant

Origin: fro (Old French): flor (replaced) ang (Old English): blostma

foot

the terminal part of the leg, below the ankle joint, on which the body stands and moves

Origin: ang (Old English): fot

forest; wood

a large tract of land covered with trees and underbrush; woodland

Origin: fro (Old French): forest < (from)? lat (Latin): forestem silvam; ang (Old English): wudu < (from) widu

fox

any of several carnivores of the dog family, esp. those of the genus Vulpes, smaller than wolves, having a pointed, slightly upturned muzzle, erect ears, and a long, bushy tail

Origin: ang (Old English): fox

friend

a person attached to another by feelings of affection or personal regard

Origin: ang (Old English): freond

frog

any tailless, stout-bodied amphibian of the order Anura, including the smooth, moist-skinned frog species that live in a damp or semiaquatic habitat and the warty, drier-skinned toad species that are mostly terrestrial as adults

Origin: ang (Old English): frogga < (from) frox, forsc, frosc

garden

a plot of ground, usually near a house, where flowers, shrubs, vegetables, fruits, or herbs are cultivated

Origin: fro (Old French): gardin < (from) vlat (Vulgar Latin): hortus gardinus < (from) frk (Frankish): *gardo

goat

any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, of the family Bovidae, closely related to the sheep, found native in rocky and mountainous regions of the Old World, and widely distributed in domesticated varieties

Origin: ang (Old English): gat

god

the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the universe

Origin: ang (Old English): god

gold

a precious yellow metallic element, highly malleable and ductile, and not subject to oxidation or corrosion; symbol: Au; atomic weight: 196.967; atomic number: 79; specific gravity: 19.3 at 20°C

Origin: ang (Old English): gold

goose

any of numerous wild or domesticated, web-footed swimming birds of the family Anatidae, esp. of the genera Anser and Branta, most of which are larger and have a longer neck and legs than the ducks

Origin: ang (Old English): gos

green

of the color of growing foliage, between yellow and blue in the spectrum

Origin: ang (Old English): grene < (from) groeni

guest

a person who spends some time at another person’s home in some social activity, as a visit, dinner, or party

Origin: ang (Old English): gæst, giest + non (Old Norse): gestr

hair

any of the numerous fine, usually cylindrical, keratinous filaments growing from the skin of humans and animals

Origin: ang (Old English): hær

hand

the terminal, prehensile part of the upper limb in humans and other primates, consisting of the wrist, metacarpal area, fingers, and thumb

Origin: ang (Old English): hond

head

the upper part of the body in humans, joined to the trunk by the neck, containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth

Origin: ang (Old English): heafod

heart

a hollow, pumplike organ of blood circulation, composed mainly of rhythmically contractile smooth muscle, located in the chest between the lungs and slightly to the left and consisting of four chambers: a right atrium that receives blood returning from the body via the superior and inferior vena cavae, a right ventricle that pumps the blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation, a left atrium that receives the oxygenated blood via the pulmonary veins and passes it through the mitral valve, and a left ventricle that pumps the oxygenated blood, via the aorta, throughout the body

Origin: ang (Old English): heorte

hen

the female of the domestic fowl

Origin: ang (Old English): hen

honey

a sweet, viscid fluid produced by bees from the nectar collected from flowers, and stored in nests or hives as food

Origin: ang (Old English): hunig

horse

a large, solid-hoofed, herbivorous quadruped, Equus caballus, domesticated since prehistoric times, bred in a number of varieties, and used for carrying or pulling loads, for riding, and for racing

Origin: ang (Old English): hors (replaced) ang (Old English): eoh

hour

a period of time equal to one twenty-fourth of a mean solar or civil day and equivalent to 60 minutes

Origin: fro (Old French): hore < (from) lat (Latin): hora < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): ὣρα

house

a building in which people live; residence for human beings

Origin: ang (Old English): hus

human being

any individual of the genus Homo, esp. a member of the species Homo sapiens

Origin: frm (Middle French): humain (replaced) ang (Old English): man, mann

hunger

a compelling need or desire for food

Origin: ang (Old English): hungor

I

the nominative singular pronoun, used by a speaker in referring to himself or herself

Origin: ang (Old English): ic

ice

the solid form of water, produced by freezing; frozen water

Origin: ang (Old English): is

iron

a ductile, malleable, silver-white metallic element, scarcely known in a pure condition, but much used in its crude or impure carbon-containing forms for making tools, implements, machinery, etc.; symbol: Fe; atomic weight: 55.847; atomic number: 26; specific gravity: 7.86 at 20°C

Origin: ang (Old English): isærn

island

a tract of land completely surrounded by water, and not large enough to be called a continent

Origin: ang (Old English): igland (replaced) ang (Old English): ealand

key

a small metal instrument specially cut to fit into a lock and move its bolt

Origin: ang (Old English): cæg

kidney

either of a pair of bean-shaped organs in the back part of the abdominal cavity that form and excrete urine, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and act as endocrine glands

Origin: unknown

king

a male sovereign or monarch; a man who holds by life tenure, and usually by hereditary right, the chief authority over a country and people

Origin: ang (Old English): cyning

kitchen

a room or place equipped for cooking

Origin: ang (Old English): cycene < (from) vlat (Vulgar Latin): *cocina < (from) lat (Latin): coquina

knee

the joint of the leg that allows for movement between the femur and tibia and is protected by the patella; the central area of the leg between the thigh and the lower leg

Origin: ang (Old English): cneo, cneow

knife

an instrument for cutting, consisting essentially of a thin, sharp-edged, metal blade fitted with a handle

Origin: ang (Old English): cnif < (from) non (Old Norse): knifr

lake

a body of fresh or salt water of considerable size, surrounded by land

Origin: fro (Old French): lack < (from) lat (Latin): lacus

lamb

a young sheep

Origin: ang (Old English): lamb

language

a body of words and the systems for their use common to a people who are of the same community or nation, the same geographical area, or the same cultural tradition

Origin: fro (Old French): langage (replaced) ang (Old English): spræc, tunge

leg

either of the two lower limbs of a biped, as a human being, or any of the paired limbs of an animal, arthropod, etc., that support and move the body

Origin: non (Old Norse): leggr (replaced) ang (Old English): sceanca

letter (alphabet)

a symbol or character that is conventionally used in writing and printing to represent a speech sound and that is part of an alphabet

Origin: fro (Old French): lettre < (from) lat (Latin): littera

letter (mail)

a written or printed communication addressed to a person or organization and usually transmitted by mail

Origin: fro (Old French): lettre (replaced) ang (Old English): ærendgewrit

life

the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms, being manifested by growth through metabolism, reproduction, and the power of adaptation to environment through changes originating internally

Origin: ang (Old English): life

lion

a large, usually tawny-yellow cat, Panthera leo, native to Africa and southern Asia, having a tufted tail and, in the male, a large mane

Origin: fro (Old French): lion < (from) lat (Latin): leonem < (from) leo < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): λέων

lip

either of the two fleshy parts or folds forming the margins of the mouth and functioning in speech

Origin: ang (Old English): lippa

louse

any small, wingless insect of the order Anoplura (sucking louse), parasitic on humans and other mammals and having mouthparts adapted for sucking, as Pediculus humanus (body louse or head louse) and Phthirius pubis (crab louse or pubic louse)

Origin: ang (Old English): lus

man

an adult male person, as distinguished from a boy or a woman

Origin: ang (Old English): man, mann (replaced) ang (Old English): guma

meat

the flesh of animals as used for food

Origin: ang (Old English): mete (replaced) ang (Old English): flæsc

middle

the point, part, position, etc., equidistant from extremes or limits

Origin: ang (Old English): middel

milk

an opaque white or bluish-white liquid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals, serving for the nourishment of their young

Origin: ang (Old English): meoluc, milc

minute

a unit of time equal to one sixtieth of an hour, or 60 seconds

Origin: fro (Old French): minut < (from) mlat (Medieval Latin): minuta

mirror

a reflecting surface, originally of polished metal but now usually of glass with a silvery, metallic, or amalgam backing

Origin: fro (Old French): mireor < (from) miradoir < (from) mirer < (from) vlat (Vulgar Latin): *mirare < (from) lat (Latin): mirari

money

any circulating medium of exchange, including coins, paper money, and demand deposits

Origin: fro (Old French): moneie (replaced) ang (Old English): gield

monkey; ape

any of a group of anthropoid primates characterized by long arms, a broad chest, and the absence of a tail, comprising the family Pongidae (great ape), which includes the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan, and the family Hylobatidae (lesser ape), which includes the gibbon and siamang

Origin: gml (Middle Low German): *moneke / dum (Middle Dutch): *monnekijn; ang (Old English): apa

month

any of the twelve parts, as January or February, into which the calendar year is divided

Origin: ang (Old English): monað

mother

a female parent

Origin: ang (Old English): modor

mountain

a natural elevation of the earth’s surface rising more or less abruptly to a summit, and attaining an altitude greater than that of a hill

Origin: fro (Old French): montaigne (replaced) ang (Old English): beorg, berg

mouse

any of numerous small Old World rodents of the family Muridae, esp. of the genus Mus, introduced widely in other parts of the world

Origin: ang (Old English): mus

mouth

the opening through which an animal or human takes in food

Origin: ang (Old English): muþ

music

an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, and color

Origin: fro (Old French): musique < (from) lat (Latin): musica < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): μουσική

name

a word or a combination of words by which a person, place, or thing, a body or class, or any object of thought is designated, called, or known

Origin: ang (Old English): nama

nature

the material world, esp. as surrounding humankind and existing independently of human activities

Origin: fro (Old French): nature < (from) lat (Latin): natura

needle

a small, slender, rodlike instrument, usually of polished steel, with a sharp point at one end and an eye or hole for thread at the other, for passing thread through cloth to make stitches in sewing

Origin: ang (Old English): næðlæ, nedlæ

neighbo(u)r

a person who lives near another

Origin: ang (Old English): neahgebur, nehebur

new

of recent origin, production, purchase, etc.; having but lately come or been brought into being

Origin: ang (Old English): neowe, niowe < (from) niwe

night

the period of darkness between sunset and sunrise

Origin: ang (Old English): niht, neaht, næht, neht

nose

the part of the face or facial region in humans and certain animals that contains the nostrils and the organs of smell and functions as the usual passageway for air in respiration; in humans it is a prominence in the center of the face formed of bone and cartilage, serving also to modify or modulate the voice

Origin: ang (Old English): nosu

number

a numeral or group of numerals

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman): noumbre < (from) fro (Old French): nombre < (from) lat (Latin): numerus

oil

any of a large class of substances typically unctuous, viscous, combustible, liquid at ordinary temperatures, and soluble in ether or alcohol but not in water: used for anointing, perfuming, lubricating, illuminating, heating, etc.

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman)/fro (Old French): olie < (from) fro (Old French): oile < (from) lat (Latin): oleum < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): ἒλαιον

old (not new)

having been for a comparatively long time

Origin: ang (Old English): ald, eald

old (not young)

far advanced in the years of one’s life

Origin: ang (Old English): ald, eald

olive

the fruit of an evergreen tree, Olea europaea, of Mediterranean and other warm regions

Origin: fro (Old French): olive < (from) lat (Latin): oliva < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): ἐλαία

onion

a plant, Allium cepa, of the amaryllis family, having an edible, succulent, pungent bulb

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman): union (replaced) ang (Old English): hramsa

or

used to connect words, phrases, or clauses representing alternatives

Origin: ang (Old English): oþþr < (from) oþþe

owl

any of numerous, chiefly nocturnal birds of prey, of the order Strigiformes, having a broad head with large, forward-directed eyes that are usually surrounded by disks of modified feathers

Origin: ang (Old English): ule

ox

the adult castrated male of the genus Bos, used chiefly as a draft animal

Origin: ang (Old English): oxa

page

one side of a leaf of something printed or written, as a book, manuscript, or letter

Origin: frm (Middle French): page < (from) fro (Old French): pagine < (from) lat (Latin): pagina

pain

physical suffering or distress, as due to injury, illness, etc.

Origin: fro (Old French): peine < (from) lat (Latin): poena < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): ποινή

paper

a substance made from wood pulp, rags, straw, or other fibrous material, usually in thin sheets, used to bear writing or printing, for wrapping things, etc.

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman): paper < (from) fro (Old French): papier < (from) lat (Latin): papyrus

pea

the round, edible seed of a widely cultivated plant, Pisum sativum, of the legume family

Origin: enm (Middle English): pease (mistaken for pl.) < (from) ang (Old English): pise, piose < (from) lat (Latin): pisa < (from) pisum < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): πίσον

peace

the normal, nonwarring condition of a nation, group of nations, or the world

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman): pes (replaced) ang (Old English): frið; sibb

peach

the subacid, juicy, drupaceous fruit of a tree, Prunus persica, of the rose family

Origin: fro (Old French): pesche < (from) mlat (Medieval Latin): pesca < (from) lat (Latin): pessica < (from) persica < (from) malum Persicum < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): Περσικὸν μῆλον

pear

the edible fruit, typically rounded but elongated and growing smaller toward the stem, of a tree, Pyrus communis, of the rose family

Origin: ang (Old English): pere, peru < (from) vlat (Vulgar Latin): *pira < (from) lat (Latin): pira < (from) pirum

people

the entire body of persons who constitute a community, tribe, nation, or other group by virtue of a common culture, history, religion, or the like

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman): people / fro (Old French): peupel (replaced) ang (Old English): folc

pepper

a pungent condiment obtained from various plants of the genus Piper, esp. from the dried berries, used whole or ground, of the tropical climbing shrub Piper nigrum

Origin: ang (Old English): pipor < (from) lat (Latin): piper < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): πιπέρι << (ultimately from) san (Sanskrit): पिप्पलि (pippali)

petroleum; oil

an oily, thick, flammable, usually dark-colored liquid that is a form of bitumen or a mixture of various hydrocarbons, occurring naturally in various parts of the world and commonly obtained by drilling; used in a natural or refined state as fuel, or separated by distillation into gasoline, naphtha, benzene, kerosene, paraffin, etc.

Origin: mlat (Medieval Latin): petroleum

pig

any stout, cloven-hoofed artiodactyl of the Old World family Suidae, having a thick hide sparsely covered with coarse hair, a disklike snout, and an often short, tasseled tail; now of worldwide distribution and hunted or raised for its meat and other products

Origin: ang (Old English): *picg (replaced) ang (Old English): swin; fearh

pigeon; dove

any bird of the family Columbidae, having a compact body and short legs

Origin: fro (Old French): pijon < (from)? vlat (Vulgar Latin): *pibionem < (from) lat (Latin): pipionem < (from) pipio; ang (Old English): dufe-

planet

any of the eight large heavenly bodies revolving about the sun and shining by reflected light: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, or Neptune in the order of their proximity to the sun

Origin: ang (Old English): planet < (from) fro (Old French): planete < (from) lat (Latin): planeta < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): πλανήτης (ἀστήρ)

plum

the drupaceous fruit of any of several trees belonging to the genus Prunus, of the rose family, having an oblong stone

Origin: ang (Old English): plume < (from) vlat (Vulgar Latin): *pruna < (from) lat (Latin): prunum < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): πρόυνον < (from) πρόυμνον

poison

a substance with an inherent property that tends to destroy life or impair health

Origin: fro (Old French): puison (replaced) ang (Old English): ator

potato

the edible tuber of a cultivated plant, Solanum tuberosum, of the nightshade family

Origin: spa (Spanish): patata < (from) Carib: batata

prayer

a devout petition to God or an object of worship

Origin: fro (Old French): preiere (replaced) ang (Old English): gebed

prophet

a person who speaks for God or a deity, or by divine inspiration

Origin: fro (Old French): prophete < (from) lat (Latin): propheta < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): προφήτης

question

a sentence in an interrogative form, addressed to someone in order to get information in reply

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman): questiun / fro (Old French): question < (from) lat (Latin): quaestionem < (from) quaestio

rain

water that is condensed from the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere and falls to earth in drops

Origin: ang (Old English): regn

red

any of various colors resembling the color of blood; the primary color at one extreme end of the visible spectrum, an effect of light with a wavelength between 610 and 780 nm

Origin: ang (Old English): read

religion

a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, esp. when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman): religiun < (from) fro (Old French): religion < (from) lat (Latin): religionem < (from) religio

river

a natural stream of water of fairly large size flowing in a definite course or channel or series of diverging and converging channels

Origin: fro (Old French): riviere (replaced) ang (Old English): ea

road

a long, narrow stretch with a smoothed or paved surface, made for traveling by motor vehicle, carriage, etc., between two or more points

Origin: ang (Old English): rad (replaced) ang (Old English): weg

rock

a large mass of stone forming a hill, cliff, promontory, or the like

Origin: ang (Old English): rocc / fro (Old French): roque < (from) mlat (Medieval Latin): rocca < (from) vlat (Vulgar Latin): *rocca

roof

the external upper covering of a house or other building

Origin: ang (Old English): hrof (replaced) ang (Old English): þæc

room

a portion of space within a building or other structure, separated by walls or partitions from other parts

Origin: ang (Old English): rum

rose

the flower of any of the wild or cultivated, usually prickly-stemmed, pinnate-leaved, showy-flowered shrubs of the genus Rosa

Origin: ang (Old English): rose < (from) lat (Latin): rosa << (ultimately from) grc (Ancient Greek): ῥόδον

salt

a crystalline compound, sodium chloride, NaCl, occurring as a mineral, a constituent of seawater, etc., and used for seasoning food, as a preservative, etc.

Origin: ang (Old English): sealt

sand

the more or less fine debris of rocks, consisting of small, loose grains, often of quartz

Origin: ang (Old English): sand

school

an institution where instruction is given, esp. to persons under college age

Origin: ang (Old English): scol < (from) lat (Latin): schola < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): σχολή

sea

the salt waters that cover the greater part of the earth’s surface

Origin: ang (Old English): sæ

season

one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), beginning astronomically at an equinox or solstice, but geographically at different dates in different climates

Origin: fro (Old French): seison < (from) lat (Latin): sationem < (from) satio

second

the sixtieth part of a minute of time

Origin: fro (Old French): seconde < (from) mlat (Medieval Latin): secunda < (from) lat (Latin): secunda pars minuta

sheep

any of numerous ruminant mammals of the genus Ovis, of the family Bovidae, closely related to the goats, esp. Ovis aries, bred in a number of domesticated varieties

Origin: ang (Old English): sceap, scep

ship

a vessel, esp. a large oceangoing one propelled by sails or engines

Origin: ang (Old English): scip

silk

the soft, lustrous fiber obtained as a filament from the cocoon of the silkworm

Origin: ang (Old English): sioloc, seoloc << (ultimately from) Asian language

silver

a white, ductile metallic element, used for making mirrors, coins, ornaments, table utensils, photographic chemicals, conductors, etc.; symbol: Ag; atomic weight: 107.870; atomic number: 47; specific gravity: 10.5 at 20°C

Origin: ang (Old English): seolfor

sister

a female offspring having both parents in common with another offspring; female sibling

Origin: ang (Old English): sweostor, swuster + non (Old Norse): systir

sky

the region of the clouds or the upper air; the upper atmosphere of the earth

Origin: non (Old Norse): sky (replaced) ang (Old English): heofon

snake

any of numerous limbless, scaly, elongate reptiles of the suborder Serpentes, comprising venomous and nonvenomous species inhabiting tropical and temperate areas

Origin: ang (Old English): snaca (replaced) ang (Old English): næddre

snow

a precipitation in the form of ice crystals, mainly of intricately branched, hexagonal form and often agglomerated into snowflakes, formed directly from the freezing of the water vapor in the air

Origin: ang (Old English): snaw

soap

a substance used for washing and cleansing purposes, usually made by treating a fat with an alkali, as sodium or potassium hydroxide, and consisting chiefly of the sodium or potassium salts of the acids contained in the fat

Origin: ang (Old English): sape

son

a male child or person in relation to his parents

Origin: ang (Old English): sunu

spider

any of numerous predaceous arachnids of the order Araneae, most of which spin webs that serve as nests and as traps for prey

Origin: ang (Old English): spiþra

spoon

a utensil for use in eating, stirring, measuring, ladling, etc., consisting of a small, shallow bowl with a handle

Origin: ang (Old English): spon

spring(time)

the season between winter and summer; in the Northern Hemisphere from the vernal equinox to the summer solstice; in the Southern Hemisphere from the autumnal equinox to the winter solstice

Origin: enm (Middle English): springing time, spring-time (replaced) ang (Old English): lent

star

any of the heavenly bodies, except the moon, appearing as fixed luminous points in the sky at night

Origin: ang (Old English): steorra

steel

any of various modified forms of iron, artificially produced, having a carbon content less than that of pig iron and more than that of wrought iron, and having qualities of hardness, elasticity, and strength varying according to composition and heat treatment; generally categorized as having a high, medium, or low-carbon content

Origin: ang (Old English): style

stone

the hard substance, formed of mineral matter, of which rocks consist

Origin: ang (Old English): stan

storm

a disturbance of the normal condition of the atmosphere, manifesting itself by winds of unusual force or direction, often accompanied by rain, snow, hail, thunder, and lightning, or flying sand or dust

Origin: ang (Old English): storm

street

a public thoroughfare, usually paved, in a village, town, or city, including the sidewalk or sidewalks

Origin: ang (Old English): stret, stræt < (from) lat (Latin): strata < (from) via strata

sugar

a sweet, crystalline substance, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, obtained chiefly from the juice of the sugarcane and the sugar beet, and present in sorghum, maple sap, etc.; used extensively as an ingredient and flavoring of certain foods and as a fermenting agent in the manufacture of certain alcoholic beverages

Origin: fro (Old French): sucre < (from) mlat (Medieval Latin): succarum < (from) ara (Arabic): سكر (sukkar) < (from) ope (Old Persian): شکر (šakar) < (from) san (Sanskrit): शर्करा (śarkarā)

summer

the season between spring and autumn; in the Northern Hemisphere from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox; in the Southern Hemisphere from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

Origin: ang (Old English): sumor

swan

any of several large, stately aquatic birds of the subfamily Anserinae, having a long, slender neck and usually pure-white plumage in the adult

Origin: ang (Old English): swan

table

an article of furniture consisting of a flat, slablike top supported on one or more legs or other supports

Origin: ang (Old English): tabele / fro (Old French): table < (from) lat (Latin): tabula

tea

a somewhat bitter, aromatic beverage that is prepared by infusion in hot water of the dried and prepared leaves of a shrub, Camellia sinensis

Origin: msa (Malay): teh + zho (Chinese) (Amoy dialect): 茶 (t'e) / zho (Chinese): 茶 (chá)

tiger

a large, carnivorous, tawny-colored and black-striped feline, Panthera tigris, of Asia, ranging in several races from India and the Malay Peninsula to Siberia

Origin: ang (Old English): tigras (pl.) / fro (Old French): tigre < (from) lat (Latin): tigris < (from) grc (Ancient Greek): τίγρις

time

the system of those sequential relations that any event has to any other, as past, present, or future; indefinite and continuous duration regarded as that in which events succeed one another

Origin: ang (Old English): tima

tobacco

any of several plants belonging to the genus Nicotiana, of the nightshade family, esp. one of those species, as Nicotiana tabacum, whose leaves are prepared for smoking or chewing or as snuff

Origin: spa (Spanish): tabaco < (from) an Arawakan (probably Taino) language of the Caribbean

today

this present day

Origin: ang (Old English): todæge

tomato

any of several plants belonging to the genus Lycopersicon, of the nightshade family, native to Mexico and Central and South America, esp. the widely cultivated species Lycopersicon lycopersicum, bearing a mildly acid, pulpy, usually red fruit eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable

Origin: enm (Middle English): tomate < (from) spa (Spanish): tomate < (from) nah (Nahuatl): tomatl

tomorrow

the day following today

Origin: enm (Middle English): to morewe < (from) ang (Old English): to morgenne

tongue

the usually movable organ in the floor of the mouth in humans and most vertebrates, functioning in eating, in tasting, and, in humans, in speaking

Origin: ang (Old English): tunge

tooth

one of the hard bodies or processes usually attached in a row to each jaw, serving for the prehension and mastication of food, as weapons of attack or defense, etc., and in mammals typically composed chiefly of dentin surrounding a sensitive pulp and covered on the crown with enamel

Origin: ang (Old English): toð

tower

a building or structure high in proportion to its lateral dimensions, either isolated or forming part of a building

Origin: ang (Old English): torr / fro (Old French): tur < (from) lat (Latin): turris

tree

a plant having a permanently woody main stem or trunk, ordinarily growing to a considerable height, and usually developing branches at some distance from the ground

Origin: ang (Old English): treo, treow (replaced) ang (Old English): beam

truth

the true or actual state of a matter

Origin: ang (Old English): triewð, treowð

tulip

any of various plants belonging to the genus Tulipa, of the lily family, cultivated in many varieties, and having lance-shaped leaves and large, showy, usually erect, cup-shaped or bell-shaped flowers in a variety of colors

Origin: nld / deu (German (see fonts)): tulpe / fra (French): tulipe << (ultimately from) tur (Turkish): tülbent < (from) fas (Persian): دوابند / dulband

valley

an elongated depression between uplands, hills, or mountains, esp. one following the course of a stream

Origin: xno (Anglo-Norman): valey / fro (Old French): valee (replaced) ang (Old English): dæl

village

a small community or group of houses in a rural area, larger than a hamlet and usually smaller than a town

Origin: fro (Old French): village (replaced) ang (Old English): ðorp

vinegar

a sour liquid consisting of dilute and impure acetic acid, obtained by acetous fermentation from wine, cider, beer, ale, or the like; used as a condiment, preservative, etc.

Origin: fro (Old French): vinaigre < (from) vin + aigre

voice

the sound or sounds uttered through the mouth of living creatures, esp. of human beings in speaking, shouting, singing, etc.

Origin: fro (Old French): voiz (replaced) ang (Old English): stefn

wall

any of various permanent upright constructions having a length much greater than the thickness and presenting a continuous surface except where pierced by doors, windows, etc.; used for shelter, protection, or privacy, or to subdivide interior space, to support floors, roofs, or the like, to retain earth, to fence in an area, etc.

Origin: ang (Old English): weall (replaced) ang (Old English): wag

war

a conflict carried on by force of arms, as between nations or between parties within a nation; warfare, as by land, sea, or air

Origin: ang (Old English): wyrre, werre (replaced) guð; heaðo; hild; wig

water

a transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, H₂O, freezing at 0°C and boiling at 100°C, that in a more or less impure state constitutes rain, oceans, lakes, rivers, etc.; it contains 11.188% hydrogen and 88.812% oxygen, by weight

Origin: ang (Old English): wæter

we

nominative plural of I

Origin: ang (Old English): we

weather

the state of the atmosphere with respect to wind, temperature, cloudiness, moisture, pressure, etc.

Origin: ang (Old English): weder

week

a period of seven successive days

Origin: ang (Old English): wice

wheat

the grain of any cereal grass of the genus Triticum, esp. Triticum aestivum, used in the form of flour for making bread, cakes, etc., and for other culinary and nutritional purposes

Origin: ang (Old English): hwæte

white

of the color of pure snow, etc.; reflecting nearly all the rays of sunlight or a similar light

Origin: ang (Old English): hwit

wind

air in natural motion, as that moving horizontally at any velocity along the earth’s surface

Origin: ang (Old English): wind

window

an opening in the wall of a building, the side of a vehicle, etc., for the admission of air or light, or both, commonly fitted with a frame in which are set movable sashes containing panes of glass

Origin: non (Old Norse): vindauga (replaced) ang (Old English): eagþyrl

wine

the fermented juice of grapes, made in many varieties, such as red, white, sweet, dry, still, and sparkling, for use as a beverage, in cooking, in religious rites, etc., and usually having an alcoholic content of 14% or less

Origin: ang (Old English): win < (from) lat (Latin): vinum

wing

either of the two forelimbs of most birds and of bats, corresponding to the human arms, that are specialized for flight

Origin: non (Old Norse): vængr (replaced) ang (Old English): feðra (pl.)

winter

the cold season between autumn and spring in northern latitudes; in the Northern Hemisphere from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox; in the Southern Hemisphere from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

Origin: ang (Old English): winter

wolf

any of several large carnivorous mammals of the genus Canis, of the dog family Canidae, esp. Canis lupus, usually hunting in packs, formerly common throughout the Northern Hemisphere but now chiefly restricted to the more unpopulated parts of its range

Origin: ang (Old English): wulf

woman

the female human being, distinguished from man

Origin: ang (Old English): wimman (replaced) ang (Old English): wif; cwean

wool

the fine, soft, curly hair that forms the fleece of sheep and certain other animals, characterized by minute, overlapping surface scales that give it its felting property

Origin: ang (Old English): wull

word

a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning

Origin: ang (Old English): word

world

the earth or a part of it, with its inhabitants, affairs, etc.

Origin: ang (Old English): woruld, worold

worm

any of numerous long, slender, soft-bodied, legless, bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates, including the flatworms, roundworms, acanthocephalans, nemerteans, gordiaceans, and annelids

Origin: ang (Old English): wurm, wyrm

year

a period of 365 or 366 days, in the Gregorian calendar, divided into 12 calendar months, now reckoned as beginning Jan. 1 and ending Dec. 31

Origin: ang (Old English): gear, ger

yellow

a color like that of egg yolk, ripe lemons, etc.; the primary color between green and orange in the visible spectrum, an effect of light with a wavelength between 570 and 590 nm

Origin: ang (Old English): geolu, geolwe

yesterday

on the day preceding this day

Origin: ang (Old English): geostran dæg < (from) gestaron

young

being in the first or early stage of life or growth; youthful; not old

Origin: ang (Old English): geong